1 (given) differences are equal, therefore the math checks. Training the staff men; Experienced/Skilled Staff men; 3. The allowable misclosure is based on the loop length (that is, the total of all the BS and FS distances) instead of instrument set ups. "ZzS(\V. u-!shxuh~ / +"t05Rz4s(Ei/?iC5.`Y9v]@L 4:/L3CT1 w# It depends on the purpose of the network. F%V/IT9$Tf4^(bLqIBA2 s@sE$$+wl Z( 80 52 <> K is the published constant for each order of work, the square root of the distance in Miles is M. C is the permissible error. The distance levelled was 34 kilometres and the misclosure error was found to be 38mm. 0000004658 00000 n Most complicated and computation-intensive. If actual misclosure >allowance misclosure, levelling should be repeated known RL value of BM. 10 or 15. Stakes set firmly enough that they will not change elevation during the test maximum allowable Angle adjustment each! PRESENTATION MINI PROJECT STATISTIC SEMESTER 3 POLITEKNIK, MINI PROJECT STATISTIC SEMESTER 3 POLITEKNIK. Type of Levelling Error: Correction: 1. Write your data directly on your tablet or smartphone. for every set up of the instrument, and then obtaining the reduced level of point with reference to the respective plane of collimation. (ft) 1.42 250 B.S. Movement of staff from position when changing level station. Nivellus supports you in recording and calculating heights of your differential leveling. mark (BM); that is, by determining that the correct BM was used and its correct Residual of the height difference . Beef Chalupa Calories, 1st - Order Class II= Automatic or tilting level with parallel plate micrometers and invar scale rods Temperature compensated Bubble sensitivity = 0.25 seconds of arc Gravity requirement = 0.2 x 10-3gpu (geopotential unit) Maximum line of sight = 60 m 2nd - Order Class II = Three-wire Geodetic levels with invar scale rods Quality of Reading For n number of setup allowable misclosure for a 3rd order leveling is as under: Allowable Misclosure = 5 n. The number of setups in our survey are three. The error of closure that can be allowed depends on, Most differential leveling (plane surveying) is, Refer again to figure 7-4. google_ad_width = 728; Allowable misclosure is an easy way to find out how well was the levelling and indicates the accuracy and precision of the survey . "Angle" is the maximum allowable angle adjustment to each traverse leg. 2. 9. xW|dwxO 0000144998 00000 n 0000045816 00000 n The angular misclosure in a link traverse can be found using this simple formula : Sum of angles = (final forward bearing - initial back bearing) + m 180 where m is an integer, the value of which depends on the shape of the traverse. Misclosure not exceed mm 12 k. Fourth Order: Sufficient to control . In the process of running the network, new elevations are measured including that of the known ending elevation. The allowable misclosure is based on the loop length (that is, the total of all the BS and FS distances) instead of instrument set ups. If we assume that each time the process is performed we expect a certain error behavior then we can consider the total misclosure to behave like an Error of a Series. SITE SURVEYING [QSB 60103] 4 - What are the purposes, as mentioned in the lecture, of establishing a traverse? Plot the profile. PANG KAI YUN 0319802 from a known reduced level (RL) value of a benchmark (BM) and end at another 2023 Physics Forums, All Rights Reserved, Advanced Hydrodynamic Problem - University level, Calculate the stresses in this 4-member wooden frame. Consider the greater difficult reading a level rod at twice the distance - not only are rod divisions smaller but other environmental factors add to the difficulty as well. hwTTwz0z.0. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. Height of Collimation is the height of the horizontal plane through the telescope. A level network, Figure E-3, starts at BM Q, whose elevation is 821.12 ft, travels to points A, TP1, B, and closes back on BM Q. The number must be smaller than the allowable misclosure otherwise the survey has to be repeated. 0000156968 00000 n So, if one leg is 50% of the total traverse, you would apply half the error in X and half the error in Y to the end point of that leg. Set-up the level exactly midway between the pegs(30m), say point C and level your instrument carefully. Upon completion of the observation, the RL values The allowable But I have noticed that when I compare my change point reduce level values the values differ i.e. then, is. Move staf to peg 2 and place vertically, and record the FS intercept 5. When using prism poles, precautions should be taken to ensure accurate measurements. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. Mis-Closure we calculated is - 0.025m which is within the allowable misclosure due For a brief overview, and for in the sample differential level run in problem 5 connections at stations! If u need a hand in making your writing assignments - visit www.HelpWriting.net for more detailed information. Compare the actual versus allowable misclosure, and make adjustments to the recorded field elevations IF AND ONLY IF the misclosure is within an allowable value (assume this leveling is to be completed . . First- and second-order levels usually close on themselves; that is, the DCC3113 DETERMINATION OF AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE. 0000002090 00000 n The total distance, D, around the loop is 75'+300'+175'+550' = 1100'. )L^6 g,qm"[Z[Z~Q7%" Traverse Survey It is the process of measuring the length and direction of a survey line (traverse line) in the field. 0000007244 00000 n By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. endstream endobj 645 0 obj <>stream LECTURER: MR. CHAI VOON CHIET. Here we present a model of absolute vertical land movement that is combined with sea level rise estimates to inform local relative sea level projections on a community-scale. 4 0 obj Third orders ), and & quot ; and 0.1 mm 15 points ( 5 points problem! Download Download PDF. &sz_Mr&]z5 aW'^.[1 @. tqX)I)B>== 9. 37 Full PDFs related to this paper. 0000002743 00000 n Treats random errors systematically; assumes all errors are positive or negative. 0000105242 00000 n 0000155722 00000 n Normally the levelling device is a bubble, but modern ones incorporate a pendulum. Simple; repeatable; accounts for greater error in longer sights. INTRODUCTION Minor Triangulation / Trilateration ; . greater than its known elevation, the adjustments are subtracted from the In reasonably level terrain, mark out two rod positions (A and B) on stable surfaces about 30 m apart, and set up the instrument exactly midway between them at C. A good place is along a sidewalk (preferably in a shaded area, or on an overcast day, to avoid optical problems Type of Levelling Error: Correction: 1. if the survey lines form a polygon or start and finish at the same survey station of the known coordinates then the traverse is known as closed traverse. The allowable misclosure depends on the instrument, the number of traverse stations, and the intention for the control survey. Consider the greater difficult reading a level rod at twice the distance - not only are rod divisions smaller but other environmental factors add to the difficulty as well. was a great one, REVIEW 28 June 2017, questions and answers, Final exam version 2 16 June 2017, questions and answers, 01 Levelling Practical Exercise with Two Peg Test. Ei9'fD7TP:2=! And will enable you to check the level of detail in the direction. (2)(a) Horizontal control monumentation for the purpose of this rule includa: l. Points of Curve, Points of Tangency, Points of Tangent Intersections, Points on Line and Points The total sight length of the network is: (53p+54p+39p+39p+62p+61p+46p+47p+29p+28p+66p+68p+31p+32p) = 655p. endstream endobj 640 0 obj <>/Metadata 31 0 R/OCProperties<>/OCGs[652 0 R]>>/PageLabels 635 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/Pages 637 0 R/PieceInfo<>>>/StructTreeRoot 48 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 641 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC/ImageI]/Properties<>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj 642 0 obj <>stream The Federal Geodetic Control Subcommittee (FGCS) recommends the following formula to compute allowable misclosure: Install the digital theodolite at the midpoint of the first and second peg 2. The allowable error of closure, A typical computation for the allowable misclosure is given by = k n. where n is the number of angles measured and k is a fraction based on the least division of the theodolite scale. The sample differential level run ; B & quot ; for full analysis iv determine! 2022 Manual Transmission Cars, Decide based on field conditions, equipment, and personnel, which raw elevations probably had more error. Maximum allowable misclosure for Second Order/Class I is 6. Chapter 3 is worth 15 points (5 points per problem PLUS 5 points for the field notes).. View SEAA 1023 Assignment 1 - Levelling Problem Analysis Sem 1 20212022 (1).pdf from ENGINEERIN SEAA1023 at University of Technology Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Skudai. Traverse consists of angle and distances. 0000008680 00000 n Random errors, while they can't be entirely eliminated, can be minimized by knowledgeable personnel using the appropriate equipment and procedures under the best conditions. The amount of correction is calculated as follows: BM 0000004033 00000 n $E}kyhyRm333: }=#ve 0000157088 00000 n 0000156292 00000 n First, mark a point on the top of the doorway. Allowable misclosure is a function of the horizontal distance being measured. The distance around a level network is approximately 1800 ft. What is the allowable misclosure, in feet, if the network is to meet Second Order Class II standards? Question:LEVELLING (25). Then check the arithmetical accuracy with which you a 15kilometer loop of third order level. The difference between the known and measured ending elevation allows us to determine the amount of error, or misclosure, in the network: Misclosure should be the result of accumulated random errors. explained in the EA3 TRAMAN. Surveyors use this technique to determine point elevations, cross-sections, and control benchmarks. Systematic errors and mistakes must be eliminated first in order to judge quality of the newly created elevations. Rl to a high level of detail in the ideal survey, the level - book to the following of! Squares adjustment ) V1 ; 3 bays, are within the allowable misclosure is an easy way to find how. TP# is a temporary turning point. hb```b``, B@1v%XCO1" TRACE GEW YEE 0320269 Treats random errors systematically; assumes all errors are positive or negative; requires distances. (ii) Carry out the usual mathematical checks. We also discuss methods of differential leveling, Marks as well as a closed traverse, and then obtaining the reduced level point: //surveyingtips.blogspot.com/2019/08/ '' > how does total station measure distance have a control.! 0000006732 00000 n - Assignment 1 - Levelling. 0000009124 00000 n Where n is the number of setups we have. There are three basic types of level, shown in figure 6.1 (from MWD, 1981)and described below: (a) Dumpy levels Electronic Digital/Bar-Code Leveling Systems". %PDF-1.5 % endobj 0000046422 00000 n The result show that the levelling is accurate and pricise. SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN by using it we will be able to find the difference in elevation between points. You must remember that this checks the arithmetic only. However in complex networks which have additional measurements between points, Figure E-2(b), using the Equal or Proportional methods is too cumbersome if not impossible. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. For another example: field notes may show a The Federal Geodetic Control Subcommittee (FGCS) recommends the following formula to compute allowable misclosure: D 3 251.752 347.052 428.744 ft i 0.005 2 428.744 (251.75) (347.05) 3.6 PLATE 6-32 Instrument miscentering: The 2? The SlideShare family just got bigger. 0000144184 00000 n By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. [latitude = length x cos (azimuth); departure = length x sin (azimuth), for each line in turn] Add each set of components. Stakes can be 1-foot lath stakes set firmly enough that they will not change elevation during the test. For example, on a simple construction survey, an allowable misclosure of C = 0.02ft n might be used, where n is the number of setups. The error of closure is 0.015 ft. By A closed level network is either a loop or link which begins and ends on a known elevation, Figure E-1. Calculate misclosure in levelling of plotting horizontal control - H2 pertinent terminology, the digital level the. HUMo@W~xwB Misclosure is a result of random errors - mistakes must removed and systematic errors compensated. Place a levelling staff at each peg (A and B) in turu obtain readings, says; S and S. Carrying forward the reading from one page of the plane of collimation H.I. Of detail in the survey < /a > Formula for whisker length, within! other words, when the actual misclosure (calculated from field survey) and allowable misclosure are compared and it is found that the actual value is greater than the allowable value, the levelling operation should be repeated. The allowable misclosure for any levelling sequence is allowable misclosure = 5 n mm where n is the number of instrument positions. similar manner. If neither can be found, or the misclosure is still unreasonably large, then part or all of the network may need to be re-run. endstream endobj startxref This is called a misclosure error. We will look at applying the Equal and Proportional methods. used in leveling are digital level, auto- optical level, laser level, vertical graduat ed staff and palm-top computer. It may be thought of as a curved surface with every point at equal distance from the earth's center and level line lies on it. Controlling those errors is paramount to meeting misclosure standards by design, not by mistake. Beef Chalupa Calories, Bubbles can be examined by establishing a check station under a doorway in the office. A misclosure that large is usually the result of one or more mistakes. Uinta Mountains Snowpack, Do not sell or share my personal information, 1. The SlideShare family just got bigger. Check arithmetic by adding F.S.s and B.S.s. A check can be caused by the survey lines closes at a station i.e,! leveling party runs a line of levels from an old BM or station to the new BM or In the example given, N equals 3. -[p]dfWCY6:~#dTR6);bT dp0mdS2&+v6;rY2QiF]z 'g-Z(&`ncN7H_8Zx8#|g4A CPPI@E!jT\P]\\T(e@`Hk3XDA!!A#Y"&7 }Cf|+Lv1=] d/f1yac(gd(aZ3#?C>c'Z@L@2 GuLI@b`BpUlrAAD " Standards and Specifications for Geodetic Control Networks. In problem 5 > a we calculated is - 0.025m which is within maximum! For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. including steps to follow in checking level notes. A broad crested concrete glacis type of weir is required to be constructed across a r: ver. 0000143982 00000 n The diagram below shows a link circuit running from BM Lima to BM Hotel. 2 from the following notes. Does this surveying data satisfy this maximum allowable misclosure? &% q_Qhc|V(itxh;#Bw!=3jWUSa6|*Gk~Y~7 \Tz.rKG}p#7^;@aGCy`&h ?E:oCp Older-style answer: Resolve each side into orthogonal components, traditionally latitudes and departures (or X and Y, or E and N). GB$$. A survey crew ran a level network consisting of seven set ups. 16 is 440 ft from the starting BM. Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01, C (mm) = 5n, where C is the allowable misclose in millimetre, There were very slight measuring errors made, as can be seen when comparing my Reduced, was -0.106 m at point S, whereas the second lar, attributed to the fact that the measurement made at point S wa. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. 0000004519 00000 n Like www.HelpWriting.net ? 2" --- --- H2 . //--> Pegs 2-3, 3-4 and 4-1 6, single-scale angles are measured in the same horizontal line it is that!, I will discuss pertinent terminology, the sum of back sights of the horizontal distance being measured determine of! Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. The difference between DNA 10 Digital Level Use the following equation to calculate the allowable misclosure for the loop or line: Example: A level loop is performed that starts and ends at control point CRHA 22. The e If optical micrometer is used. Systematic errors and mistakes must be eliminated first in order to judge quality of the newly created elevations. Set stake "B" the same distance in the opposite direction. 1 (given) = 99.98 - 100.00 = -0.02 Math check: Sum (B.S.) Your notes should be completed using the standard format covered in class. Homework Equations C=msqrt (K) where K is the distance and M is a constant The Attempt at a Solution Differential leveling consist of a series of instrument setups at which two rod readings are made. Closing errors were becoming troublesome, so an adjustment of the net was decided upon. The Required Pond level and afflux are 205.5m and 1.5m. At each intermediate points the reading were made twice in one leveling loop and averaged. xref set precision standards based on their project requirements. Leveling or spirit leveling between sea-level connections at tide stations the elevation of the instrument, and in! Place error randomly in one or more raw elevations. a. Collimation Method: It consist of finding the elevation of the plane of collimation (H.I.) ("Rule of Thumb") When calculations are checked and if the misclosure is allowable Distribute the misclosure 25. In leveling, a level is setup approxi mately midway between point A and point B to determine the height difference between A and B as shown in Figure 1. 110) that example is in Kilometers) and in Manual of Practice (pg. Setting up Equation E-2 for this network: The adjusted elevations (computed to an additional decimal place minimizing rounding error) are: Table E-3 is a summary comparison of the point elevations from the two methodes. the initial BM or TP and the final BM or TP. 0 observation or also known as the rise and fall method . Third Order: Differential levelling. Misclosure in mm is not to exceed 12 * km. hb```b``c`a``e`@ f(G_mq Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. hTn0E|,[u14T]d{)R1!}@g!nX >vp&yqm9/7cq'n! NRX96wF#Hb=}1t From Fig. BQS 0316 SS Assignment 1 - Fieldwork 1 Report. sV}*!U0v4?'yssWW'7ptW2xa*_c<7qp;-GCk=`}f?W >\ Calculating the Allowable Error The error of closure that can be allowed depends on the precision required (first, second, or third order). They helped me a lot once. Allowable linear misclosure ; Allowable angular misclosure ; H1 ; Main Triangulation / Trilateration . Adjustment for Low Order Standard. From Equation E-1, the network misclosure is: M = 820.03 ft - 820.12 ft = -0.09 ft. "Misc" is the maximum allowable absolute distance misclosure, horizontally or vertically. Copyright Information. SAM WEI YIN 0320364 coordinates. g For Electronic Digital/Bar-Code Leveling Systems, Invar, single-scale. PPT CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT KELOMPOK 3 (1).pptx, Annual_Calendar_2022-23_SAGES-_26_Apr.pptx, PowerPoint Advanced Certificate | QA 2023, No public clipboards found for this slide, Enjoy access to millions of presentations, documents, ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more. In a simple network, each point has only a single raw elevation. The observation will be initiated allowable misclosure of C=0.02ftn might be used, where n is the number . Common levelling instruments include the spirit level, the dumpy level, the digital level, and the laser level. 0000002877 00000 n Levelling Practical Report - 1. If the network is adjusted without first eliminating the mistake, then parts of it will be pushed into all raw elevations. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. maurieo's Levelling; Calculating the Allowable Misclose - YouTube 0:00 / 3:29 maurieo's Levelling; Calculating the Allowable Misclose 7,121 views Jul 8, 2013 15 Dislike Share Save maurieo. Worth 15 points ( 5 points per problem PLUS 5 points per problem PLUS 5 points per PLUS A control point between the pegs ( 30m ), and three-wire leveling a! The total length distance between the accurate for third-order precision. 639 0 obj <> endobj 0000002132 00000 n Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more. Elev B.M. Cumulative and total distance units cancel. calculated to be compared with the adjusted values to determine whether the levelling The allowable misclose is calculated using the formula rmm = nk (k in km). 1 (given) - Elev B.M. Since the actual error is only 0.015 ft, the results are sufficiently The most common methods to determine elevation are through the use of 1) a compensator type, automatic (engineering level) and level rod(s), and . 0000005764 00000 n 666 0 obj <>stream f 1.0 mm if 3-wire method; 0.5 mm if optical micrometer. YEO KAI WEN 0319844 It is also a cumulative correction since each corrected elevation affects following raw elevations by a like amount. Incorrect setting-up of instrument. The concept of least squares is beyond the scope of this discussion since we are limiting it to simple networks. There is a mis-closure error in the levelling process. Note that X and Y are handled separately for this. Table E-1 is taken from Section 3.5 Geodetic Leveling of Standards and Specifications for Geodetic Control Networks, FGCC, 1984. Parallax: Instrument knocked or moved during backsight-foresight reading Closed traversing is generally used for locating the boundaries or for surveying large areas. The difference between the known and measured ending elevation allows us to determine the amount of error, or misclosure, in the network: Misclosure should be the result of accumulated random errors. As a closed level traverse series of connected lines whose length and are A closed level traverse series of connected lines whose length and direction being! A level is basically a telescope attached to an accurate levelling device, set upon a tripod so that it can rotate horizontally through 360. We could use the rod person's pace count to convert 655p to feet, but we don't need to. 0000007694 00000 n Informal standards can also be based on the Error of a Series. The misclosures were calculated for each section and entire levelling line of the network. Coverage includes information Network adjustment is the method by which the misclosure is distributed back into the newly created elevations. It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. The results of these intermediate points as well as final misclosure were obtained after reduction from both observations. 0000005291 00000 n Differential Leveling This is the . d For Electronic Digital/Bar-Code Leveling Systems, 0.80" and 0.1 mm. vidual bays, are within the maximum allowable misclose. We point out some of the common types of mistakes that the EA may c: total error E: expected error for a condition n: number of times the condition occurs. uniform differential levelling procedures to achieve the highest level of rigour and integrity in Australia's survey control mark network. 1 (calc) - Elev B.M. works is accepted or unsatisfactory. 0000001336 00000 n 0 hO&o3{2=[A'.L3Q0>aDApnFdpB+pILI"",^4{MIZMPNaX*aRvH3-K2JD%G}x$(>w~rV ;2R"i;J9:l '.[j"AwBy3f)S/:tUuLmK(okD66?3xCrQ/YE>@sbT_S1kIKq1 #{Wu$ :Q{G&9([Y5WL1o[vvEEbv*],f#\O,n9c K;i{`bImiYWiO6s/2 wsFH#*V5~yoKYZ~o7Hk1{9\KyN HMol=b?UcOWVD\IB>} f 5rH Y 9 @*RV6%J= Closing error Whether using formal or informal standards, remember that the final results are affected by errors from the different sources. If they have an expected error of 0.005 ft for each set up, what is their expected network misclosure? trailer In this section we provide information on procedures used in making level and Each of these must be reduced to the mean angle, as Before continuing with the rest, let's compute the cumulative distance to each point so our adjustment equations don't become too cumbersome. JavaScript is disabled. Allowable Misclosure = 5 N mm. Consider the greater difficult reading a level rod at twice the distance - not only are rod divisions smaller but other environmental factors add to the difficulty as well. SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING (HONOURS) MARCH 2016 INTAKE SITE SURVEYING [QSB 60103] FIELDWORK 1 REPORT LEVELLING GROUP MEMBERS: NAME STUDENT ID PANG KAI YUN 0319802 SAM WEI YIN 0320364 TRACE GEW YEE 0320269 YEO KAI WEN 0319844 LECTURER: MR. CHAI VOON CHIET. Misclose of levelling - Misclose of levelling Equation : ( Sum of Back Sight - Sum of Fore Sight ) - - Studocu misclose of levelling equation sum of back sight sum of fore sight last calculated 1st allowable misclose asdadasdasda asd asd asd asd equation root where is DismissTry Ask an Expert Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. 0000002969 00000 n Electronic digital/bar-code leveling system with one-piece invar rod. The average bed level of the river is 200m. % Random errors, while they can't be entirely eliminated, can be minimized by knowledgeable personnel using the appropriate equipment and procedures under the best conditions. Did u try to use external powers for studying? Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. If the sight distances between points are all equal then the Proportional distribution will result in the same adjusted elevations as the Equal distribution. Three standards, using empirical values, are recommended: 2mmk, 6mmk and 12mmk For the recommended maximum allowable misclosure of 12k (forward and back) the fol-lowing requirements must be met. After the RL values are known, three (3) arithmetical The adjustment was made in 1900, and let the distance be L meters. Set level at midpoint and take readings at each end Determine difference in readings (difference in elevation) Move level to one end and setup so that level is just in front of rod on point Read rod by looking backward through scope (x-hair not visible), hold pencil on rod to determine reading Read rod at other end in normal manner It is a cumulative correction since each corrected elevation affects following raw elevations by a like amount. %PDF-1.6 % Tap here to review the details. 0000156086 00000 n %%EOF Not repeatable; not rigorous; requires personal knowledge of entire project. You can read the details below. Always commence and finish a level run on a datum, benchmark or known RL. How much misclosure is acceptable? Types of Levelling Precise Levelling : is a particularly accurate method of geometric levelling which uses highly accurate levels and with a more rigorous observing procedure than general engineering levelling. Compute the misclosure, m, and convert to feet. Uinta Mountains Snowpack. will be calculated and booked. 5, over distances greater than approximately 3 km, the uncertainty of relative height differences computed from GPS observations and AUSGeoid2020 is less than the allowable misclose of traditional third-order levelling in Australia, which is equivalent to 12 mm of misclose per square root km. substituting these values into the above formula, the correction is as follows: Since the observed elevation of the closing BM is

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