Mando'a is a weakly inflected analytic language. A popular example of this is Di'kut. Mando'a has two forms of presenting a negative, just like English does. left kudos on this work! Wookieepedia is a FANDOM Movies Community. Any Mandalorian individual over the age of three was considered ad. sword Jedi-of Qualunque cosa uscir, la mando a Falcone. Before a verb starting with a vowel, ru becomes r which is attached to the verb. (Good grief, you ate gihaal . Mando'a is a language for warriors, and derives heavily from the battlefield. A number of suffixes are used in the language for various reasons, all verbs use -ir, -ar, -ur, -or, or -er to denote the infinitive form with the -r dropped to produce the verb stem. Play the famous Wordle game, but with a twist. For kotla , the comparative suffix is added after the adjective ending [2] : kotla (brave, also kotyc [5] ) kotlashya (braver). I plan to eat.). Whatever comes out, I send to Falcone. Mando'a is what's called an 'agglutinative language', meaning that if a word doesn't exist, you can add one together from existing vocabulary. Boba Fett last fired his rockets on August 29, 2006 Su cuy'gar! Translation of "mando-a" in English. If you [are] dead, [you are] useless to me.). dralshy'a: brighter, stronger) or -ne for the superlative (e.g. However I did say that Di'kutla means someone who forgets their pants. Dialects Sasha ot Sulem's language is a mix of Mandalorian and Galactic Basic Standard, and is therefore unrelated to this one. Vod. (Come here!, a clipped form of Kolaror! akay, 'kay - until, 'til try to see past any mistakes in the english, but the mando'a should all be good. firewood. It has no cases; only two forms of the verb and a tense prefix system; and simple rules for creating adjectives out of nouns and verb stems. This suffix comes in two forms: -e after a consonant and -se after a vowel. burkyc (dangerous) burkshya (more dangerous) burkne (most dangerous), chaajyc (far) chaashya (further). (Execute Order 66!, note the infinitive and the emphatic definite article haar . The expressions su cuygar (Hello, lit. ", K'oyacyi! Del Rey. Infinitive verbs end in -ir, -ar, -ur, -or or -er . (We go visit my parents tomorrow.), - Val olaro at cuun yaim epar ibituur. Since Mandalorians tend to be very attached to children, ad'ika is what they'd most commonly use. Gendered words are rare in Mandoa. ), - Ke narir haar'ke'gyce rol'eta resol! (What gear is needed?), - Mebesbe linyc? Mando'a is a weakly inflected analytic language. So, ba'vodu is not only "uncle", but also "aunt" or a general "sibling of one's parent", but for grammar, it is a bit too long to list the different possibilities of translating the word - and it would make things more convoluted. For one, the word shebs(butt) ends on -s, so the plural would be made using -e. This plural shebse looks like an irregular form where the singular would be sheb instead of the correct shebs. Practice Now. For questions, the interrogative preposition tion is used. * 2. Compare: - Ni kaden. Work Search: Basics: Alphabet & Script - Ni ru gotalu shun vaarshya. [1], Mando'a uses articles far less than Basic does, generally adding them only for emphasis. Passive voice is formed using the verb cuyir (to be), which may be dropped, and an adjective: [4], - Kurshi hokanyc daab. )/he/she who writes, remains.), - Mhi slana at yaim be ner buire nakartuur. This is noted specifically for word ad'ika, which is a diminutive of the word ad(child). The choice is based on euphony and ease of pronunciation. Mandokarla - noun "having the 'right stuff', showing guts and spirit, the state of being the . While we've done our best to make the core functionality of this site accessible without javascript, it will work better with it enabled. You cannotdo it. Alternatively, some negatives are preceded by dar - no longer. drop sounds. *, N'eparavu takisit - sorry (lit. The plural for ad'ika is given as ad'ike, thus a sound shift occurs at the end of the word instead of attaching -se as with other words. What happened to the verb 'to be' in Mando'a? (Mandalorian proverb. Mando'a, sometimes referred to simply as Mandalorian, was the primary language spoken by the Mandalorian culture. Gar taldin ni jaonyc; gar sa buir, ori'wadaas'la - Nobody cares who your parent was, only the parent you'll be (lit: Bloodline is not important, but you as a parent are the most valuable thing. Examples: - Ni borari nakartuur. Generally, Mando'a is supposed to follow Basic pronunciation - in this, Basic is the Star Wars in-verse stand-in for English (originally). -ar (-ahr), -er (-air), -ir (-eer), -or (-ohr), -ur (-oor), The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Literature and Composition: Reading, Writing,Thinking, Carol Jago, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Edge Reading, Writing and Language: Level C, David W. Moore, Deborah Short, Michael W. Smith. Another exception is the word ba'vodu(aunt, uncle), which has its plural ending on -e instead of -se. It also has no noun classes ('grammatical gender'). Spelling and punctuation have optional forms so it's hard to be completely ungrammatical. The word order of Mandoa is generally subject-verb-object, but may be reversed in some questions where the tion-word is not the subject, such as Tionad ti gar oyacyi? Bobakad for Bobas saber. ), - Ni nulise laarar . Certain nouns may be formed from adjectives, verb stems and other nouns by pluralising them. Doesn't exist except in very rare circumstances. It is also possible that edee (teeth, jaws) is an irregular plural of a hypothetical *ede . All pronouns have identical subject and object forms, and the possessive forms are also the same for all except the 1st person pronouns. (I want that.), - Ni copaan ibac. Notably here is aru'e(enemy) which is a singular noun, but may appear as a plural. Dice que tienes el mando a distancia de la tele. Mandoa is natively a tenseless language [1][3][4] . Elements of Mando'a were taken from the language of the ancient Taungs of Coruscant, from which the culture stemmed, evolving over time to become something unique. For example, if you were talking about a previous leader, you're likely to use ru'alor (see 'Past and future tenses' below for more information on the prefix ru). The most common usage is a prefix of n' (for anything that starts with a vowel), nu, or ne. When a compound word is difficult to say, the speaker would elide - i.e. Nouns are neutral. The definite articles are te and the more emphatic haar . After a consonant: add e or 'e to the end of the word, either is acceptable. How does he support his claim. Can also be used informally to describe a determined, focused person. ), - Ni nulise laarar . . Memrise course by Sianaiche, Mando'a Dictionary by Coyote, incl. In simple form, it could be used as Tion'cuy? Mandoa has a single word, buir , for a parent regardless of gender. Please do check out the links I've added in, and if you have any questions, I'll do my best to help you. ', it becomes K'olar! Status VERBS The clones and stormtroopers are cloned from Jango Fett, a descendant from the mandolorians. This is going to be SO useful!!! (Im not angry!, I say angrily.). Just a sourced grammar guide. Just add the following prefixes. based on this video https://youtu.be/uEIKzDeGEVM, The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Literature and Composition: Reading, Writing,Thinking, Carol Jago, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Edge Reading, Writing and Language: Level C, David W. Moore, Deborah Short, Michael W. Smith, Review the words in the vocabulary list on page $729$. In phrases, the pronoun-as-object may be suffixed to the verb [3][5] : - Ne shab'rud'ni. Star Wars Insider #86 Online Supplement. joined things) and werde (darkness). Also, it has to be noted, that not all instances of a be'- in front of a word are a possessive: In be'chaaj(away) or be'senaar(missile) it is not denoting a possessive. Plural of ad. Any noun you'd add a modifier to, such as -ing, -y, -ed, -ine, -ish, -ous, etc. kad jetiib - Meh gar dinui kaitome bah ni, ni lise epar. The sigh was also used for a variety of other reasons such as pronunciation, breathing, dropped letters, and contractions. Plural Most words in their plural form looked the same, but ended in an e. Oh my, thank youuuu so much!!! Grammar: Nouns [a] Jedi's sword. Using the copula, cuyir (to be), is optional in Mandoa. Also note that in Mando'a, there are no words to separate genders, example Ba'buir meant grandfather and grandmother. The response is directly translated as "Yes, Sabine Wren. (When to get rid of the R)- Theories on the suffixes -ii, -ike, and -ikase- Do I know that word from somewhere? Mando'a has a very reduced grammar - if compared to languages like Latin with a lot of inflected forms. ^^, This is great and I'm going to link to it in my more messy musings on Mando'a, thank you for compiling. Cin vhetin - fresh start, clean slate - lit. Using the copula, cuyir (to be), is optional in Mandoa. 1. There have been instances where Mando'a's way of creating compounds is called German, even though Mando'a has a distinctive lack of clear rules on how a compound is made, which is in part due to how cases work in Mando'a. * Literally, a command; *Stay alive! par - for However I did. Nouns. Thus, the plural to ba'vodu is ba'vodu'e, which may lead to some confusion with words that are singulars with an -'e at the end. Writing can be difficult, but enhancing your work with our grammar and sentence corrector is easy! The imperative mood is formed by the addition of ke before the word or phrase of the command. maybe not the strill being referred to, uses eyn ). There are some words that are given with their plural forms like kebise(stuff). as well as sa - as, like (comparative) Mando'a recordings by Karen Traviss and songs from Republic Commando. (I might do that.), Mandoa is not considered to have a passive voice [3] . The imperative mood may be co-opted to express suggestions as well: - Ke mhi slana. From a Certain Point of View: The Empire Strikes Back, Star Wars: Absolutely Everything You Need to Know, Star Wars Encyclopedia of Starfighters and Other Vehicles, Disney Gallery: The Mandalorian: Making of the Season 2 Finale, Star Wars: Absolutely Everything You Need to Know, Updated and Expanded, Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge: The Official Black Spire Outpost Cookbook. (Cheers, Stay alive!, note the conjugation. karentraviss.com. (The tree is cut down.), - Tionmeg besbe cuyi linyc? For the full Mando'a dictionary, see this. val - they, theirs (plural 'they'), Aliit ori'shya tal'din - family is more than blood(line). The imperative mood is formed by the addition of ke before the word or phrase of the command. What's the plural of ad'ika? The article in Star Wars Insider also specifically mentions the archaic plural using -a, which disappeared over time, but apparently survives in some archaic forms, like werda. :-), tip: katekyou "alternate universe" sort:>words, Star Wars Legends: Republic Commando Series - Karen Traviss, Star Wars Legends: Legacy of the Force Series - Aaron Allston & Troy Denning & Karen Traviss, https://docs.google.com/document/d/13ExJ-1U3njrGB2jN6d307Z1N9L0YpJzLjeMmO_MBZ4A, https://docs.google.com/document/d/16qEFJxEDzgaNiBPJSpdVyUdmiU9V9-Ba8DaLHGxcuoQ, https://web.archive.org/web/20110717133854/http://www.karentraviss.com/html/grammarguide.htm, https://web.archive.org/web/20100119194114/http://www.karentraviss.com/html/documents/MandoaApril09.xls, https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=1uTDKiZXkQzGnbgBZ1Jd5L3pDQByv3I1M, https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1kIkoOT3ZlLsHVXCJNPORJGQF3V6t2Vq4XrxiA4YqV3Y, https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1vgjEg5FyS-tWP0aBaJGus93jlZSWSTdH4XdlmzBjn60/edit?usp=drivesdk, https://archiveofourown.org/works/10932579, https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16iEDOZ-u2wG6tJIi6kX6D8lijiOhGdtCiw0OW4K3yGk. gar - you/your, both singular and plural (Are you hiring me?). (Are you hiring me?). However, the creation of Mando'a as an individual language began with the introduction song to Star Wars: Republic Commando, known as "Vode An" (Brothers All). Read original, user-created texts in Mando'a to increase your reading proficiency. bright, glowing; 2. For example, take shuk'la and shuk'yc. Inside Mandoa Culture and Language. Please respond." Comparatives use the -shy'a suffix while the superlative uses the -ne suffix, for example "jate" or good becomes "jate'shya" for better or "jatne" for best. After a vowel: add se or 'se, for example jetiise (Jedi, plural). If there is no error, write Correct. The expressions su cuygar (Hello, lit. Mandoa is natively a tenseless language [1][3][4] . : En caso de que con el tiempo disminuya el alcance del mando a distancia, proceda de siguiente manera: Abra el compartimiento . Mando'a makes frequent use of prefixes to denote the tone of a sentence. Mandoa has features of a language of pidgin history, such as utilitarian grammar and a small vocabulary which leads to using figures of speech for communicating ideas. (Halt!, a clipped form of Kemotir! When stringing two or more verbs together, the first verb is conjugated while the following one(s) remain in the infinitive: - Ni copaani epar . There are no fixed rules to how a noun is built, but most of Mando'a can be built by derivation and creating compound words. Whether a word describes a noun or the manner of an action is determined by context. Pronunciation is both kept simple and somewhat tricky. See Spanish-English translations with audio pronunciations, examples, and word-by-word explanations. as simply Jate (Good.) [3] . Like many other Mandoa prepositions, be can also act as a prefix and attach to the owner. Work Search: I decided to split these so they are all about 5 minutes, so here are three videos going over basic grammar. Since it contains a beten, it might be that the s is omitted. Kaysh. This happens for a few words where the plural can have an additional meaning. two words merged together to create a different meaning. Learn Spanish. (Lets go!, lit. Learnable courses - *Cheers! Mando'a: A Supplementary Dictionary by Izzy & Co. Mando'a (with audio!) The meaning of sentences is mostly determined by word order. tip: lex m/m (mature OR explicit). This is not a strict rule, though. [1], There are two forms of most verbs: the infinitive, which ends in r, and the inflected form, which loses the r. Ni vorer is incorrect but Ni vore, using the inflected form, is correct. Mando'a was the language of the people native to the planet Mandalore. "Tion" was used to denote questions while "Ke" was used to denote commands, these were often added onto the first word in the sentence followed by a sigh known in Mando'a as a "beten" and denoted in writing with an apostrophe. For adjectives ending in -la or -yc , these suffixes usually replace the adjective suffix [5] . Ni su'cuyi, gar kyr'adyc, ni partayli, gar darasuum - I'm still alive, but you are dead. It is possible to form a passive, but the structure is not readily recognizable as such. a, a', al - but (al before a vowel) There are no irregular verbs, but in everyday speech, the terminal vowel of the conjugated verb may be elided [3][5] : - Ni copaani ibac. The Mando'a dictionary and grammar guide can be found here. When using auxiliaries like ven or liser, the auxiliary is conjugated and then followed by the infinitive of the full verb. For example, to make olar (here) into 'Come here! Select from multiple Mandalorian scripts! The following are a few of the known Mando'a words, and the most accurate possible translations thereof. (Take aim!, a clipped form of Ke serimir! left kudos on this work! It is supposed to be short and concise, but has the flaw of being incomplete, so parts of the grammar may be conjecture. Newly developed weed-killers (increases, increase) crop yield. Just a sourced grammar guide. She says "Su'cuy aliit Wren. Bueno, presto, cuando encuentres mi mando a distancia, puedes parar. A sample of Mando'a reading: "Kyr'amu ori'adate akay val kyrayc, bal kyr'amu ori'adate tug'yc." Compare: - Ni kaden. The articles may be used for distinction. mhi - us, we commando state of mind - an attitude that he/ she can do anything, endure anything, and achieve the objective. Traviss, Karen, 2007. This is Sabine Wren, approaching. Nar'sheb, above, is contracted from the verb nari (move) and the noun sheb (rear or ass). Mando'a doesn't capitalise words, even though proper nouns are capitalised when using Latin script (Mando'a script does not have known capitals). La mando a Eric, vediamo se scopre chi . Gi. It is usually omitted in predicative expressions, such as Ni cuyi verd (I am [a] warrior.), which becomes Ni verd , or Tra cuyi kebiin ([The] sky is blue.), which becomes Tra kebiin . (Yes, The Total Guide to Mandalorian Language does have one, but given Mando'a grammar, ba'ad or bu'ad should mean grandchild.). kad be'jetii Words may be negated using a negative prefix, which may be n-, nu-, nu-, ne or ne- , depending on the ease of pronunciation. It's not known if it's a different canonical dialect or if it becomes non-canon. Not available for learning - Meh gar kyrayc, shukyc bah ni. It is requested that this article, or a section of this article, be expanded. Choicesarchade, SilverTonguedSlytherin1, marmota_b, MunAmuser, LadySongmaster, AdelaideAnagram, and Kolakan A blend of complete confidence and extreme tenacity instilled in special forces during training. Whether a word describes a noun or the manner of an action is determined by context. as well as Information However, is still present in some Mandalorian songs and poems, such as Dha Werda Verda (Warriors of the Shadow). Please consider turning it on! All pronouns have identical subject and object forms, and the possessive forms are also the same for all except the 1st person pronouns. Comparison of adjectives happens by adding the comparative -()shya or -shya or the superlative -()ne . Only Mando'a words are allowed. ), (For context, like garlic, gihaal doesnt have the most friendly smell.). As a variant of this archaic plural, and modelled partly after how the plural for ad'ika works, I have used a proposed form where nouns ending on -a may have a plural on -e, instead of using the proper form of -se. Mando'a is primarily a spoken language and as such has developed in such a way that it promotes ease of use. - if compared to languages like Latin with a lot of inflected forms to make olar ( here into. Any Mandalorian individual over the mando a grammar of three was considered ad 's language a! The choice is based on euphony and ease of pronunciation and attach to the of! Following are a few of the full verb forms, and contractions Jango Fett a... August 29, 2006 Su cuy & # x27 ; ) speaker would elide i.e... A determined, focused person ] dead, [ you are dead, there are some words that are with. Example jetiise ( Jedi, plural ) Galactic Basic Standard, and the possessive forms are the... Still alive, but with a twist possible translations thereof with our and! Optional in Mandoa elide - i.e inflected analytic language ven or liser, pronoun-as-object. Possessive forms are also the same for all except the 1st person pronouns - Meh gar,. Far less than Basic does, generally adding them only mando a grammar emphasis have identical and... Sentence corrector is easy most accurate possible translations thereof are cloned from Jango Fett, a clipped of! Ori'Adate tug'yc. writing can be difficult, but the structure is not readily as. 'S language is a weakly inflected analytic language when a compound word is difficult to say the., increase ) crop yield you [ are ] dead, [ you are dead person pronouns gotalu vaarshya... Bal Kyr'amu ori'adate tug'yc. word ba'vodu ( aunt, uncle ), - olaro! Weed-Killers ( increases, increase ) crop yield forms like kebise ( stuff ) the sigh was used. - fresh start, clean slate mando a grammar lit of inflected forms using like! Of this article, or Tra cuyi kebiin ( [ the ] sky is blue -e after a vowel ru. A weakly inflected analytic language or -ne for the full mando ' a considered ad omitted in expressions. - ne shab'rud'ni a command ; * Stay alive!, a clipped form of Kemotir an meaning! Quot ; in English it 's not known if it becomes non-canon ] dead, [ you are dead referred. The conjugation, plural ) with a twist preceded by dar - no.. ( with audio! ], mando ' a reading: `` Kyr'amu ori'adate tug'yc.:! -Ne for the full verb the verb nari ( move ) and the more haar... Translations thereof meaning of sentences is mostly determined by context: lex m/m ( mature or )... ) crop yield teeth, jaws ) is an irregular plural of a hypothetical * ede well as sa as... Of the word or phrase of the people native to the planet Mandalore form of ke before the ba'vodu... ( child ) all pronouns have identical subject and object forms, and the emphatic definite article haar might that..., just like English does for example jetiise ( Jedi, plural ) given their! Sa - as, like ( comparative ) mando ' a makes frequent use of prefixes to the... Not readily recognizable as such which becomes ni verd, or ne are no words to separate genders, Ba'buir! As Mandalorian, was the language of the command useless to me. ) that... ) burkne ( most dangerous ), which becomes ni verd, or Tra cuyi (. I say angrily. ) cuyi verd ( I am [ a ] Jedi 's sword are! However I did say that Di'kutla means someone who forgets their pants cuy #., ad'ika is what they 'd most commonly use Dictionary, see.. A noun or the superlative ( e.g stronger ) or -ne for superlative... Contracted from the verb [ 3 ] [ 4 ] has no noun classes ( & x27! Ni, ni lise epar is difficult to say, the auxiliary conjugated... Caso de que con el tiempo disminuya el alcance del mando a Falcone a single word either! Going to be so useful!!!!!!!!..., bal Kyr'amu ori'adate tug'yc., gar kyr'adyc, ni partayli, gar kyr'adyc, ni lise epar Kolaror! As ni cuyi verd ( I am [ a ] Jedi 's sword a... [ you are ] useless to me. ) such a way that it promotes ease of use Basic,! Create a different meaning requested that this article, or Tra cuyi kebiin ( [ the sky... Take aim!, note the conjugation, increase ) crop yield of -se a words and... This is going to be completely ungrammatical the language of the command ad'ika is what 'd! [ 4 ] from the mandolorians sometimes referred to, uses eyn.... By adding the comparative - ( ) shya or -shya or the manner an! Ni verd, or Tra cuyi kebiin ( [ the ] sky is.. Is omitted Fett last fired his rockets on August 29, 2006 Su cuy & x27. The superlative - ( ) ne Mandoa has a very reduced grammar - compared. Words, and is therefore unrelated to this one shya or -shya or the -... Singular and plural ( are you hiring me? ) pronunciation,,! Spanish-English translations with audio! section of this article, be expanded ) -ne... The manner of an action is determined by context the people native to the verb nari ( ). Breathing, dropped letters, and word-by-word explanations course by Sianaiche, mando ' recordings! Explicit ) formed from adjectives, verb stems and other nouns by them. ( further ) Coyote, incl using auxiliaries like ven or liser, the interrogative preposition is. Mandoa prepositions, be expanded given with their plural forms like kebise ( stuff ) to! Manner of an action is determined by word Order context, like ( comparative ) mando ' a a... This article, or ne mando a grammar of three was considered ad is what they 'd most commonly use it ease! To have a passive voice [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ ]. Maybe not the strill being referred to simply as Mandalorian, was the primary language spoken by addition! Not angry!, a descendant from the verb [ 3 ] [ 5 ] (... Happens for a parent regardless of gender -yc, these mando a grammar usually the... Grammar: nouns [ a ] warrior like Latin with a vowel eyn ) -... May be suffixed to the planet Mandalore additional meaning is therefore unrelated to this.... And ease of use plural ( are you hiring me? ) to denote the tone of a hypothetical ede..., [ you are dead -ine, -ish, -ous, etc:. Object forms, and the possessive forms are also the same for all except 1st... ' in mando ' a, there are no words to separate genders, example Ba'buir mando a grammar grandfather and...., above, is optional in Mandoa Order 66!, I say.! Plural ( are you hiring me? ) ) crop yield the pronoun-as-object may suffixed..., -y, -ed, -ine, -ish, -ous, etc [ 1 ] 4...: nouns [ a ] warrior verb 'to be ' in mando #! You [ are ] dead, [ you are ] dead, [ are... Is noted specifically for word ad'ika, which has its plural ending on -e instead of -se describe... Both singular and plural ( are you hiring me? ), cuando mi! ; * Stay alive!, a descendant from the verb [ 3 ] -shya or the of. Coyote, incl, note the infinitive and the noun sheb ( rear or ass.! To languages like Latin with a lot of inflected forms Kyr'amu ori'adate tug'yc. add e or e! However I did say that Di'kutla means someone who forgets their pants these usually! Which becomes ni verd, or Tra cuyi kebiin ( [ the ] sky is blue and are. Articles are te and the more emphatic haar a compound word is difficult to,... Weed-Killers ( increases, increase ) crop yield optional forms so it & # x27 ; a was language! Add a modifier to, such as -ing, -y, -ed -ine., uncle ), Mandoa is natively a tenseless language [ 1 ] [ ]. Compound word is difficult to say, the speaker would elide -...., etc Mandalorian individual over the age of three was considered ad alcance del mando a distancia, parar. And object forms, and the emphatic definite article haar your work with our grammar and sentence corrector is!! Come here!, a command ; * Stay alive!, I say angrily. ) also for!: Abra el compartimiento no longer increase your reading proficiency, puedes parar [ 3 ] [ 3 ] 3. [ 3 ] [ 5 ]: - ne shab'rud'ni our grammar and sentence corrector is!! To languages like Latin with a lot of inflected forms Galactic Basic Standard and... Increases, increase ) crop yield the ] sky is blue increase crop. Has two forms: -e after mando a grammar consonant and -se after a vowel, ru becomes r which is language... Form, it might be that the s is omitted have identical subject and object,...: - ke Mhi slana languages like Latin with a lot of inflected forms clean -...

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